Ledger CTO analyzed the quantum cryptographic migration after the blockchain shift towards hash-based signature schemes.

Charles Guillemet, CTO of Ledger, pointed out that post-quantum cryptography has entered a critical stage. Although the timeline for the deployment of practical quantum computers is still unclear, the migration of encryption systems across all industries is an inevitable trend. Under the leadership of NIST, traditional sectors plan to phase out high-risk algorithms by 2030 and completely ban them by 2035, while government and enterprise institutions will complete their migration by 2029. Encryption and key exchange will adopt ML-KEM to resist quantum decryption attacks that hoard data, and digital signatures will become the core of blockchain transformation. Traditional industries prefer ML-DSA hybrid solutions, while blockchain favors the secure and robust SLH-DSA hash signatures. Both solutions have their advantages and disadvantages, and the compatibility issues between post-quantum algorithms and MPC and threshold signatures remain key risks that the industry urgently needs to address.