Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin delivered a keynote speech titled "Reaching the Limits of Protocol Design" at the "Web3 Scholars Summit 2024" hosted by DRK Lab at the 2024 Hong Kong Web3 Carnival.
Vitalik said that current technologies such as ZK-SNARKs, MPC, and FHE have efficiency and security issues. Among them, the Ethereum Slot block time is 12 seconds, the "normal" block verification time is about 400 milliseconds, and the ZK-SNARK proof time is about 20 minutes. Ethereum's goal is to achieve real-time proof.
For the current inefficiency problem, Vitalik said the solution is "Parallelization + aggregation trees", using SNARK algos and hashing to improve efficiency, and using ASIC for ZK hardware acceleration.