Vitalik published an article introducing the GKR protocol, which can realize fast proofs such as ZK-EVM and zk-ML

Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published a post this morning introducing the GKR protocol. GKR is the core protocol for fast proofs in ZK-EVM, zk-ML, and other frameworks. It's suitable for computations involving multiple layers of low-level processing and extensive repetitive function application, such as hashing and neural networks. It eliminates the need for commitments to intermediate layers, requiring only commitments to inputs and outputs, significantly improving efficiency. By reducing the number of sumchecks per round (e.g., Gruen's trick) and implementing Poseidon2 batch processing, it's theoretically proven that Poseidon's hashing overhead is only 15x (compared to 100x for traditional STARKs), and can be less than 10x in practice. The overhead approaches zero with larger data volumes.