The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is responsible for processing transactions related to smart contracts. To ensure network security, transactions in the EVM need to be executed sequentially. This sequential execution design avoids the complexity and conflict of parallel execution, but also limits the performance of the relevant blockchain network.

Therefore, the concept of parallel EVM was proposed and attracted market attention. The design of parallel EVM enables different transactions in EVM to proceed simultaneously, significantly improving the processing speed and network throughput of EVM. Among them, Monad has increased its TPS to 10,000 through a series of technical optimizations and innovations, standing out in the competition of high-performance public chains. This article analyzes in detail the technical characteristics of Monad and its ecological development status.

1. Asynchronous execution

Asynchronous execution is the most important feature of Monad, which enables execution and consensus to be carried out simultaneously through different threads in the same block time. The Monad team has improved and innovated EVM from the consensus layer and execution layer to enhance blockchain performance. The optimization route is shown in the figure below:

Monad achieves asynchronous execution through parallelization (optimistic parallel execution) and pipeline design (assigning different tasks to multi-threaded processing). Different threads handle the execution and consensus of different blocks at the same time. Ideally, the complete block processing time in the Monad blockchain will be allocated to transaction execution, and consensus will be completed in another thread, thereby improving Monad's TPS.

2. MonadBFT

MonadBFT is a consensus mechanism developed by the Monad team to determine the order of transactions before the block is included in the blockchain.

MonadBFT is based on the HotStuff consensus protocol, and HotStuff needs to complete block confirmation through three rounds of authentication. It uses HotStuff's linear communication to achieve fast interaction and achieves fast consensus through its responsiveness. At the same time, MonadBFT also borrows the optimization of Fast-HotStuff to reduce the number of authentication rounds to 2 rounds, so that new blocks can be proposed in each round. This means that block k is confirmed after consensus is reached on block k+2. Under normal circumstances, the communication time grows linearly.

However, in the case of a timeout, that is, when the validators do not receive a valid block from the Leader, they communicate with each other and send a timeout message. When the validator receives 67% of the timeout messages, it generates a timeout certificate (TC) and forwards it to the next leader. At this time, the responsibility for generating the certificate does not lie with the current Leader (because the Leader may have malicious behavior), but is completed by one of the validators.

3. Optimistic parallel execution

At the execution layer, Monad solves the inefficiency problem in the existing EVM environment through optimistic parallel execution. Monad implements simultaneous transaction processing by running multiple virtual machines in parallel. Transactions are pre-set to be independent of each other, so they can be executed concurrently, while transactions with dependencies are processed sequentially.

The transaction execution process on Monad is as follows:

1. Transactions enter the block in linear order.

2. Monad uses optimistic parallel execution, assuming that all transactions can be executed at the same time.

3. Transactions are not processed sequentially, but executed in parallel while preserving the original order.

4. The virtual machine generates "pending results". Pending results are expected results that include input before execution and output after execution.

5. These pending results are verified and submitted in order. Pending results (transactions) without conflicts are submitted directly, while pending results that depend on submitted transactions (for example, inputs changed due to previous transactions) need to be re-executed (sequential re-execution).

6. Pending results are submitted in the order they are received. Similar to Ethereum, transaction outputs are generated in sequence.

7. Sequential submission of pending results means that the next result cannot be submitted when the previous result is not completed. Therefore, if a conflicting transaction depends on a submitted transaction, the conflict must be resolved (re-executed) and submitted before the next transaction can be processed (even if the latter does not conflict). This method ensures that transactions will not be re-executed multiple times.

MonadDB

MonadDB is a custom key-value database designed for storing authenticated blockchain data. As part of Monad's technology stack, MonadDB solves the limitations of state access by parallelizing I/O operations and transaction processing (efficiently storing Merkle Patricia Trie nodes to disk).

MonadDB improves performance in two ways: memory caching and file system bypass. Caching is to store frequently accessed data in a temporary storage layer to reduce latency; file system bypass is to read data directly from the Patricia Trie on disk to avoid retrieval from a complex file system.

Monad Ecosystem Development

From a technical perspective, Monad first ensures that its ecosystem is compatible with Ethereum, and then improves the performance of consensus and execution through asynchronous execution, MonadBFT, optimistic parallel execution, and MonadDB. In addition to these improvements and innovations, Monad's community and ecosystem are developing very rapidly.

There are many DeFi and trading projects in the Monad ecosystem, with more than 30 projects launched on the test network, and multiple DeFi projects have completed seed round financing. In addition, the meme culture in the Monad community is very popular, from the original purple Pepe to the community-created memes such as Molandak, Moyaki and Chog, which have become the circulating memecoin in the Monad ecosystem.

The following are the main functions of Nad.fun:

1. Deeply cultivate the community

- Use liquidity provider fees, rather than destruction, to provide benefits to token creators and holders.

- The revenue sharing platform incentivizes real users.

2. Build and grow products and communities quickly

- Accelerate product development with AI, get instant financing through tokens, and verify product-market fit in minutes.

- Go viral through generated tweets, TikToks, and AI short videos.

3. Control liquidity and empower communities

- Token creators can allocate a percentage of initial purchases to the community treasury.

- Each token has its own dashboard: $TOKEN HQ.

    Manage the treasury: fund content creators, run marketing campaigns, and launch airdrops.

    Incentive holding: Token creators benefit from each exchange and do not need to sell tokens for short-term interests.

It can be seen that Nad.fun is not only a Memecoin launch pad, but also an innovative project that unlocks the potential of tokenization, allowing users to gain more benefits in creation and community.

https://beosin.com/audits/Nad.fun_202507081815.pdf

Currently, Nad.fun is running its testnet and has passed Beosin's security audit, which covers multiple aspects, including program vulnerabilities, security vulnerabilities, and potential attack vectors that may damage the integrity and reliability of the system, minimizing the risk of vulnerabilities and ensuring that users can safely interact with Nad.fun's Memecoin market.