Columbia Threadneedle Investments' senior economist Anthony Willis has highlighted the uncertainties surrounding the duration and scope of the Middle East conflict from a geopolitical perspective. According to Odaily, the extent to which the United States and Israel might push for regime change in Iran without deploying ground forces remains unclear. Willis stated, "At present, there seems to be neither the willingness nor the resources to undertake actions beyond aerial strikes." He noted that in the absence of a credible opposition in Iran, if the U.S. and Israel succeed in overthrowing the current regime, "we might witness a situation similar to Iraq and Libya, where a lack of a credible successor government leads to anarchy."