Source: Newin
Last Wednesday, with the departure of OpenAI CTO Mira Murati, Chief Research Officer Bob McGrew, and Post-training Director Barret Zoph, OpenAI's leadership changed further, leaving only two of the 11 founders.
Just as the changes took place within OpenAI, Sam Altman himself was attending the Italian Technology Week event and had a conversation with Ferrari Chairman John Elkann about the future of AI and the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Altman explicitly denied the outside world's speculation that these departures were due to OpenAI's reorganization. He said that the OpenAI board of directors has indeed been thinking about the company's long-term development over the past year, but these personnel changes are more due to personal career planning and have nothing to do with the reorganization.
Altman also talked about OpenAI's globalization strategy, planning to promote its AI products and services to more markets and help more companies and individuals use AI technology to innovate.
In terms of AI, he also said that compared with the previous GPT-3 and GPT-4, the o1 model can better understand and solve complex logical problems, especially in the fields of programming assistance and scientific discovery.
The following is the main content of this conversation, enjoy~
Sam Altman
We are used to these changes at OpenAI, and some of our executives, such as our CTO Mira and research director Bob, have decided to leave the company. I am deeply grateful for everything they have done.
In fact, the two of them have worked full-time for OpenAI longer than I have. At that time, I was still doing other jobs, and they contributed far beyond the scope of their duties to OpenAI and made great achievements.
I like to help cultivate talented people, and I am always excited if they want to retire or do new things. I think this is a key part of the Silicon Valley ecosystem.
In addition to being grateful to them, I am also very much looking forward to empowering the new generation of leaders. Mark Chen will be taking over Bob's position, and I think he's a great guy, and I'm looking forward to working with him, and I'm excited to flatten the organization and work more closely with the other technical leaders.
There's been a lot going on lately, and I haven't been as deeply involved in the technical development as I used to be. I'm looking forward to jumping back in. I think this will be a good transition for everyone involved in OpenAI, and we'll be stronger than ever.
I've seen some talk about this being a corporate restructuring, which is simply not true. Most of what I've seen is also completely inaccurate. But our board is definitely thinking about this, and has been thinking about it independently for about a year, thinking about what we need to get to the next stage.
However, I think it's just because people are ready to start a new chapter in their lives and give a new generation of leaders a chance. You've been going through a lot of change, and I've always admired how you've handled that, so I'm curious to hear your advice.
John Elkann
That's why it's been so resonating to be with you over the last 24 hours. I've been watching how organizations evolve and change over time, they're living things.
I think what's important in the end is that one gets to work with really strong people, and I've been lucky to have that opportunity. You too.
In this room, there are some of my former colleagues who have gone on to work for other companies or even start their own businesses. It's always gratifying, in a way, to see that people you once worked with end up creating great things.
Sam Altman
One of the things I'm most grateful for about OpenAI is that while it's exciting to be part of developing such important technology that I do think will significantly change the way we live our lives.
And it's also been fun to be building what I think is the fastest growing tech company ever. But what I'm most grateful for is being able to work with such great people. The density of talent inside of OpenAI is something I could never have imagined before.
John Elkann
Indeed, because you've become a big company in every way, generating billions of dollars in revenue. I think the parallel to where we are is that companies can get big very quickly.
Sam Altman
Yeah, no one could have told me ahead of time how to prepare for this kind of growth, and I thought I should have because I saw a lot of it at YC.
I know Brian Chesky was here last year, and I saw their growth, and I saw others grow. However, my conclusion is that almost no one can really tell you what this experience is like.
It's something you have to experience firsthand. It's crazy and intense and exhausting, but it's also amazing. I'm grateful for it.
It's been a really fun adventure, and I think we're just getting started. We've started to ship great products, but there's more to come.
It took a while to figure out the science, and there's more science to figure out. But now we can really invent products and tools that will be very useful to everyone in this room.
John Elkann
In my own experience, when you're in these moments of change - and this past year has been filled with new challenges - I think it's really important that these challenges help you get more focused on your core and what you want to focus on.
Sam Altman
In some ways, this past year has felt like a long decade, but in another way, I've never learned at a higher rate, or had a greater sense of clarity and conviction, and a deeper reverence for the responsibility and the mission that lies ahead of us.
John Elkann
I was reading something last night and was thinking about how important it is to be firm in an organization, especially when you're in a leadership role. Because ultimately, you need to be firm in the direction of the organization.
In 1747, a very important battle took place here, where 4,000 men defeated 400,000 French troops, and their name was Bu Janen, which means "Don't Move."
I do think that in these moments, you can't waver in your convictions and change direction. It's really incredible what you're doing, with more and more products coming out and becoming more popular.
I tried your voice feature a few weeks ago in the US and it really made it easier to use. I'm hoping it'll be available in Europe soon as well. Do you want to talk about that?
Sam Altman
Yes, I'm really excited about voice mode. For me, the experience is just as magical as when I first used ChatGPT.
It feels so natural and easy and comfortable to talk to a computer that I'm finding that not only I'm using it more and getting more value, but I'm using it differently. There are some subtle differences between things you only say in chat and things you type.
Now, I feel like I can have a more comprehensive conversation with ChatGPT. We're working hard to bring this to Europe as quickly as possible, and although there are some additional regulatory issues that need to be resolved, I'm optimistic about the future. I think people are going to love it.
We have a lot of other products that we've launched and are launching soon, but I want to specifically mention the new model we launched a few weeks ago called "01," which is focused on reasoning.
It's been really fun to see what people find with it, and one of the most exciting parts of OpenAI is that we work hard on a new model, and we're really proud of it, but we always wonder, is it good enough? Will people like it? Will it solve their problems? And then we push the tool out into the world and we wait for the feedback, and people say how it performs on certain metrics, and that's really cool.
Then you see all kinds of user-generated content, like screenshots or people saying what they've built with it, or what they've achieved. We used to think that reasoning would be the big breakthrough in AI, both in programming and in scientific discovery, which is probably one of the areas that I'm most interested in.
But it's actually been really exciting to see that, to see people learning from each other how to use it to do complex tasks that they couldn't do before.
We're showing the reasoning of this model, and users can see its thinking process, and that's really rewarding. I'm excited about that, too.
I’m also excited about the recent launch of SearchGPT, which is currently in alpha and will be integrated into ChatGPT in the future to make it even more useful and provide real-time information. What excites me the most is what businesses and individuals are creating with these tools.
Today at lunch, I talked to some entrepreneurs about how they are using our tools. We went to Ferrari yesterday to see how they are using these tools.
I feel like we’ve moved beyond the stage where people are just curious about AI and now we’re really creating more value for each other with AI.
We try to build the best products, the best APIs, and the best consumer tools, but at the end of the day, it’s other people who are creating the real value, and that’s been a really great experience.
John Elkann
I have to say, it’s amazing how quickly people are using these different tools. My kids are using these tools, and one of them, Heron, is using ChatGPT right now to try to understand the meaning of the words we use and how they relate to each other, which makes our conversations even more interesting.
As you mentioned yesterday, we also saw at Ferrari that this technology can not only solve some engineering problems, but also shape the future user experience, especially voice technology.
If voice technology can achieve the level of what I have witnessed, imagine the future of how you interact with the car.
Sam Altman
I think the future of the car system will be a new interface, you just go in the car and talk to it. I am very excited about this.
John Elkann
And it may not take too long.
Sam Altman
Maybe you can do it now.
John Elkann
This was also one of the topics we discussed yesterday.
Sam Altman
I was expecting a discussion about voice mode and how tools can help Ferrari deal with large amounts of data and files.
One of the most inspiring parts for me was hearing how designers were using tools like DALLE, and how excited they were about getting tools like Sora in the future, and tools for 3D modeling in the future. This excitement extended beyond engineering to the creative process.
Designers from different fields shared how they were using these tools to think more openly and broadly. This is probably the area that excites me the most after scientific discovery.
John Elkann
On the other hand, I think you had a conversation with the head of design at dinner last night. It would have been more natural to talk to a scientist or engineer, but it was interesting to me that you could relate to a designer and talk about how he used these tools to do something he didn't expect to be able to do.
I also believe that this has to do with Italy's ability - Italy has a unique advantage in combining technology and aesthetics. Therefore, designers are also very concerned about how technology and engineering can be integrated into their work. I think you must have felt this yesterday.
Sam Altman
Going to visit Ferrari was very special for me. Besides being an iconic company, the brand connection it has with its fan base and the world is incredible and you don’t see it anywhere else.
I was really struck by the fact that I couldn’t imagine a company and way of working like this happening outside of Italy. The combination of engineering, design, passion and automotive history is so well presented here.
Seeing it all made me realize that while you can try to explain to someone what the working process at Ferrari is like, you can only truly understand it by experiencing it yourself.
It was very special to talk to people who focus on every detail and think about the whole experience, and to see amazing technology and design come together.
John Elkann
One thing I found very educational was that the questions you ask on the factory floor ultimately relate to how we make products. And you’re involved in an area that deals relatively less with the physical world, whereas I’m more involved in the physical manufacturing world.
It was really impressive to see how the shop is organized now, and how different technologies are applied to the construction of the engine.
I remember you were also very surprised that the engine took longer to build than the entire car. I think this was very inspiring for me, it shows the progress of technology and how we humans can do better, which is very intuitive in real life.
Sam Altman
One of the highlights of the visit was talking to someone who really focuses on the assembly process, understanding how one puts together an engine, why Ferrari chooses to do it this way, what it means, and why it is better this way.
The attention they pay to the look of the engine, the sound, the performance, and of course Enzo Ferrari's saying that "the engine is the soul of the car". Then he suddenly mentioned, "By the way, there is a bug in ChatGPT that is really bothering me, I need to use it to improve my workflow, can you fix it as soon as possible?" It was really interesting.
John Elkann
We have known each other for many years. I remember back in 2013, 2014, building AI was more of a conceptual conversation, and OpenAI didn’t exist yet.
One of the things that was very important to me at the time was how to inspire Italy to innovate at the same pace as Silicon Valley, and your experience at YC helped with that.
Fortunately, by imitating and following, we now have Vento in Italy, the largest investor in early-stage companies. We’re excited to be at Italian Tech Week, and a lot has come out of those conversations.
Another very illuminating point in our ongoing discussions is the breadth of your interests. I also get the sense that the pace of OpenAI’s growth in recent years has somewhat compressed your interests in other areas. I’m curious how you feel about that?
Sam Altman
Yes, I’ve always enjoyed every stage of my life and career. One of the things I particularly enjoyed about being the head of YC was the exposure to so many things.
I think a key element of a successful startup ecosystem is that people work on different things together and succeed through collisions and knowledge transfer. This broad perspective helped me a lot in understanding what was happening in the world and the technology tree that ultimately led to OpenAI.
It would have been much harder to start OpenAI without a comprehensive perspective from chips, energy, AI algorithm advances to how to build an Internet company.
But it's also exciting when you've explored a lot and find something you want to devote all your energy to.
So there are a lot of wonderful things in the world, and I'm happy that I played a small role in it as an investor before, and now it's also very interesting to play a larger role in projects that I'm really passionate about.
I do miss those other things, especially the two trends that I'm most interested in over the next decade or twenty: the popularization of intelligence and the popularization of energy.
The boom prospects that these two unlock are amazing, and their simultaneous emergence may bring huge growth, improve the quality of life around the world, and improve sustainability, education, healthcare, and all other areas. We can build better tools, experiences, and products for each other.
Those are the two areas that ended up being my main focus, but it's not because I don't love the other areas. It's just that at a certain point, if you get really deep into one area, you can't focus on too many other things.
John Elkann
It's hard for me to do that myself, because there's always so many interesting things going on that keep stimulating my curiosity. As you said, ultimately we have to make sure that the core part of where we spend our time is where our responsibilities are.
On the other hand, I think that this diverse exposure makes you better at your job because you realize that what the company is doing is part of a larger context. At the same time, it's important to understand where the future is going.
I think the energy problem, while it may not be well understood, is that if we don't have cheap carbon-free energy at scale, a lot of work, especially in AI, will be limited, right?
Sam Altman
Not just AI, because we're going to make it super efficient, but everything else we want to do with AI. AI allows us to have great ideas, but we also want to make actual changes in the real world.
I believe people want more and better things, and we should focus on driving more of those good things while also working to reduce the negative impacts.
But I don't think that's a long-term strategy, or a persuasive long-term strategy. I think people want the world to be better, and energy is critical to that goal, it determines our ability to move things and make things happen.
I don't want to see a world where everyone stays at home with the air conditioning turned off and VR glasses on. They use less energy, but it would be very depressing. I want to see the world become better for everyone.
I want to figure out how we can continue to drive that forward. I think "de-growth" or other similar ideas are some of the stupidest and most dangerous ideas we've encountered in recent years.
Instead, we should pursue large-scale, sustainable growth, and technology is the only way to achieve that. If we can get cheap energy at scale and make AI available to everyone at super-high quality, that's the way to truly make the world better.
The technology has been getting there, and at the same time, people are saying, "Let's just stop everything and just sit there." I want to see the world continue to get better.
John Elkann
If we talk specifically about energy -- and we've talked a lot about the advantages of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion -- what do you think is the timeline for getting there? There are a lot of engineers here who are working on this. What do you think about that?
Sam Altman
I think in the next few years we're going to see very promising demonstrations of the next generation of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion technology. Of course, it's going to take some time to go through the regulatory process and fix the problems in the system, and most importantly, make these technologies very cheap.
But I believe they're going to be a big part of our future. So by 2050, I hope the world is not burning a lot of carbon.
John Elkann
That's a big commitment. If we can have carbon-free, free energy by 2050, coupled with AI, we're on a trajectory for global growth that's unprecedented.
Sam Altman
Just to be clear, I think we're already on that trajectory. Think about how life is changing today relative to 200 years ago. We can do things now, like minor infections that used to kill us are almost non-issues now. We've developed technology that makes those diseases less of a problem for us.
People don't have to worry about the things that they used to think about every day. So I think we're in a pretty amazing time. But it's human nature to want more and better.
You always want to know what's going to happen next, what's going to happen in the next 10 or 20 years? I hope we'll make more progress in the next 20 years than we've made in the last 200 years.
But this is not inherently new. Technology has always been driving these changes. What I particularly like is the history of technology, especially as it relates to Italy. I'm a big tech history geek, and if I go to a city, I look for things to do with tech history, more than anything else.
John Elkann
Have you ever had ChatGPT give you a personalized list of historical events and inventions?
Sam Altman:
I haven't done that yet, but I'll try it soon. But I did something similar earlier this year in Venice with our mutual friend Diane von Furstenberg.
She loves Venice, as you know. We walked around together, and she told me all these amazing stories about Venice's technological and social inventions.
She got tired and wanted to do something else, so I used ChatGPT as a tech history guide for Venice, and it was amazing.
I did something similar in Rome, and it was amazing, and it was amazing to see the technological legacy there.
But this isn't a new trend. The idea of inventing technology and improving our quality of life has been around for a long time. If you define technology as “doing more with less” or “doing things that simply couldn’t be done before,” this has been going on for a long time.
John Elkann
To some extent, we also observe some other factors that hinder progress. Capitalism and the freedom that it brings has indeed driven a lot of progress, but it has also produced inequality.
We talk a lot about how to create more alignment in some ways, so that what is good for business is also good for humanity. I believe in this very much. There are different mechanisms that can help us achieve this alignment.
In our company, we have been trying to expand the participation of more employees by aligning more of them with the ultimate value of the company. The more people are involved, the more they want to be a part of it.
While it may seem from the consumer’s perspective that more and more things are produced and cheaper, it does not mean that wealth is redistributed in the best way. I know you have been thinking about this as well, and we have discussed this a lot. What are your current thoughts on these topics?
Sam Altman
I may be getting this quote wrong, I forget who said it, but the general idea is that capitalism is the worst economic system in the world, except for all the others.
Of course, I think we have a responsibility to continue to figure out how to improve it, but we can't lose sight of its benefits and forget the wonders it has given us. That doesn't mean we don't need to improve it, or that it doesn't have serious problems.
The point you made is the most important one for me, at least in the United States, is that a shockingly large percentage of the population is not participating in the capitalist system. They don't own stocks and they don't have exposure to this long-term growth opportunity. I think there are other areas where we should make changes.
We talked about the history of technology earlier. When I was a kid studying the Industrial Revolution, I thought that one invention was the most important, or one invention changed everything. I had a geeky perspective at the time.
Then I grew up and reread a book about the Industrial Revolution, and while it told the same stories and knowledge that I remembered, my perspective had changed. In some important sense, the corporation was one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.
It coordinated the efforts of many people and provided the capital needed to bring inventions to market. This allowed us to transition from small family businesses to businesses that could bring about inventions like this building, the television, and the microphone.
This is a very important transition. So, I think you can't talk about the history of technology without also looking at the structures and institutions that society built to enable these technologies. Both are equally important, and they have to happen at the same time. So, we also need to keep evolving this system.
As you mentioned, I have a long-term passion for this topic. We've done a lot of experiments, and there's a lot more we can do. We've done a lot of innovation in the structure of OpenAI, even funding research on universal basic income, but we shouldn't lose sight of this engine that makes magic happen.
John Elkann
When we talk about this "magic engine," innovation is definitely the key to driving progress. And in the process of innovation, the question is how we should emphasize this. I often think about the difference between how we make things "less bad" and how we make them "better." As business leaders, our responsibility is to serve our customers, and the teams we work with, to ensure that we don’t fall into the trap of “making fewer mistakes”, but instead focus on “more good” and even excellence. The company you mentioned yesterday is an example of a company that truly strives for excellence.
Sam Altman
Of course, my views on these issues are very subjective, so please forgive my bias, because I’m going to say things that I believe deeply, even if it may sound a bit like “he really speaks for his own company”. I think it’s critical to pursue “better” rather than “making fewer mistakes”.
Many times, human nature is to focus too much on “making fewer mistakes”, the things we can improve immediately, rather than dreaming about the things that can take us to the next stage of human progress and capability.
It took OpenAI four and a half years to release its first product, and frankly, I don’t know if you remember GPT-3, and if you do, I’m sorry, it really didn’t work very well at the time.
Then it took us even longer to get GPT-3 .5 out, and then ChatGPT and GPT-4 out. The preview of o1 is still full of bugs, and when we finally get it out, we’ll feel great, but a few years from now, we’ll probably look back and feel a little ashamed.
It takes a long time to do these hard startups, and it takes a decade to do nuclear power. But I think having the conviction and dedication to face these challenges, even though they’re hard, is essential to moving the world forward.
I think investing in deep technological advances, even though it’s often not the quickest win, is an important part of winning. Others have other ideas and do things differently, and I think that’s fine. I’m for anything that increases human flourishing.
But I’m particularly fond of startups that are risky, take a long time, and ultimately, if they succeed, add new tools to the human toolbox. And that’s why I think Europe has a very powerful role to play.
There are so many talented people here, with a deep history in different industries. I met a lot of people who are doing these difficult things on this trip and other visits. I think the startup ecosystem needs more resources, but the spirit is there.
John Elkann
It also ties in with what we are doing in Turin, like the Vento program, which is about making sure that great founders who are interested in doing what you just said have access to opportunities.
And the actual startup activity we have in Ogier, which I feel is very important today. Maybe it's my personal bias, because I am the continuation of a family business that has been going on for three centuries.
Fiat was founded in 1899 when the automotive industry was just starting in this city, and the business has gone through different waves of renewal and change.
John Elkann
In a way, I think this is especially important for a country like Italy, where you love it so much and you've been so many times. We are more than history, more than culture, more than those great inventions in Venice and the things that ChatGPT told you about.
The question is how do we make sure that the audience here is not only proud of history, but see it as a driving force for progress, and not become lazy or restless because of what has been achieved.
Instead, we should accept it in a way that we think, "We still have a lot to do." You asked me last night what I thought about AI, and what I told you is that what I am amazed by about OpenAI is the great things that I don't know are coming.
Sam Altman
First of all, thank you very much for saying these words. I think in any place with a rich history, people can easily be proud of the past.
And what I admire about you and many people I know - including many of you in this room today - is the determination that you continue to look forward and push forward. We can only be proud of the next thing, and we will keep moving forward and keep pushing forward.
I think this is a special time to do this. We are fortunate to witness this technological revolution brought about by AI, and such opportunities do not come often, maybe once every few decades.
And in moments like these, when the energy for new ideas is at its highest, new industries and great companies are born. You may only get that chance a few times in a lifetime. I’ve always loved the energy of startups.
I think it’s a time for bold action. It’s a moment when the earth is “shaking” in a sense, and the rules of who can succeed in what are suspended, and startups have a greater advantage in this dynamic environment because they can move quickly and iterate faster.
I would love to see Europe, especially Italy, really embrace this. Of course, it’s not easy, it requires economic, regulatory, social change. There are a lot of things that work well in Silicon Valley.
John Elkann
In spite of all these changes, you still see people with extraordinary abilities who continue to do amazing things. Do you believe that?
Sam Altman
Yes, I believe people will always do amazing things – it’s human nature. People will achieve things regardless of the environment. But I think the degree of success depends on the environment.
But it's a good sign that events like today wouldn't have happened ten years ago. That's exactly the kind of change that I think needs to happen in order for communities like "R" to form.
In my personal experience, one of the things that had the biggest impact on me was the early YC startup school. It's not so much about the content of the speakers, it's about meeting other people.
Those connections that were made about 20 years ago are still people I text with regularly, and I'm very close to, and I work with directly. I think that forming a community can accomplish far more than a single startup could accomplish if it was just going it alone. So I think events like this are so important.
John Elkann
Because I think, Sam, it's important not to make excuses. There are always reasons why things can't be different. If we end up trying to look at things from a regulatory or policy perspective, the wait may never end. I think we should push ourselves, and push the audience here, to not wait, push what you can push, and the good things will follow.
Sam Altman
It is. I can’t express enough how special this moment is. It’s a great time to take action and push what you can. There will be great companies popping up all over the world in the next few years, and I’m excited to see many of them born here.
I think this is the beginning of a real technology revolution. I’ve experienced everything in a weird order in my career, usually in Silicon Valley you run a company, do a startup project, then become an investor, and then end up with a passion project as your retirement job.
I did run a company in the beginning, but it didn’t go very well. I learned some painful lessons and things that could be wrong. Then I became an investor and did pretty well, and I thought I would keep doing that.
Then I started my passion project, running an AI research lab, and ended up having to run a large company. I’m very happy with how it turned out and I’m very grateful. But sometimes I also think that if I were a tech investor right now, that would be the most interesting time because there are so many great things being created in the future.
So now it’s not just about doing the best you can, but it’s about pursuing this opportunity in the most ambitious way possible to build the next great technology company.
John Elkann
So, finally, I know there might be some questions for you, but how do you think about the difference between “ambition” and “delusion”?
Sam Altman
The first distinction that comes to mind is specificity versus non-specificity, or clear plans versus vague plans. If you’re trying to do something that’s really hard and not proven to work, maybe it will work, maybe it won’t, but if you have clear reasons to believe in the project, and you know what tests to run, what data points to collect to increase confidence or decrease confidence, and you know what the next steps are, I think that’s ambition, whether it works or not.
If you just say, “The future is going to be great, and a lot of things are going to happen,” and then when someone asks you, “What are you going to do tomorrow? What are you going to do next? What do you need to learn to verify or disprove this hypothesis?” and you can’t get a clear answer, that’s more like delusional.
John Elkann
We'd better avoid that.
Sam Altman
Yeah, one thing I've learned over and over in my career is the value of incremental progress. Take small steps, learn quickly, make small mistakes, and correct course over time. That approach is the most reliable way to success that I've seen.
Audience
AI will have an impact on most traditional industries in the next few years, and in fact it's already starting to impact them. How should companies adjust their strategies now so that they don't find it too late in a few years?
John Elkann
I think the most important thing is awareness. The more aware you are of this change, the better you can adapt. The most important thing to me is what we discussed earlier: as an organization, give yourself the space to allow these new technologies - especially AI - to bring you innovations that you may not have yet foreseen. You don't need to know everything now, just be open to the inventions and creations that are coming.
Audience
What kind of team do you think companies should build around these changes? What kind of talent do you think they should attract? There are a lot of founders here today, most of whom are building application-level things. What are you most excited about? What should they focus on now? What do you think are the biggest challenges?
Sam Altman
I usually ask this question back to founders. One of the things that amazes me most about YC is that the best founders always have unique ideas that no one else has. If you are asking others "What should I build?", we are all missing the value of your intuition. So while there are a lot of people building amazing things, what we need is your own ideas.
As I said before, I am overly optimistic about startups. I really believe that startups are a critical element of the world and I love them very much. We see time and time again that there is a founder who comes up with a bold, ambitious, and specific idea that we have never heard of before, and the magic is there. If you have an idea like this, don't ask people like me for advice, just go and make it happen.
As I said before, I am overly optimistic about startups. I really believe that startups are a critical element of the world and I love them very much. We see it again and again, and there is a founder who comes up with a bold, ambitious, and specific idea that we have never heard of before, and the magic is there. If you have an idea like this, don't ask people like me for advice, just go and make it happen.
Catherine
Weatherly
Kikyo
Anais