Source: Denglian Community
Although MPC (Multi-Party Computation, Multi-party Secure Computation) wallet and Multi-Signature Wallet (Multi-Signature Wallet) are used to improve the security and control authority of private keys , but their working principles and application scenarios are significantly different.
1. Core difference
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2. How it works
Multi-signature wallet
Deploy a Smart contracts require meeting a specific signature threshold (such as 2/3).
The user submits a signature through the chain, and the smart contract verifies whether the signature meets the conditions.
After the threshold is met, the corresponding operation (such as transfer) is performed.
Implementation method:
Typical scenario:
MPC Wallet
The private key is split into multiple shards (Shards), and the shards are stored in different devices or nodes.
Transaction signatures are jointly calculated through cryptographic algorithms (such as threshold signature protocols) without the need to recover the full private key on either party.
The final generated signature satisfies the signature verification rules of the blockchain (such as ECDSA or EdDSA).
Implementation method:
MPC algorithm: Shamir Secret Sharing, Threshold Signature Scheme (TSS).
Completely off-chain signature: only the final signature result is submitted to the chain.
Typical scenario:
3. Security comparison
Features | Multi-Signature Wallet | MPC Wallet (Multi-Party Computation Wallet) |
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Basic principles | Use smart contracts or on-chain scripts to verify multiple signatures | Divide the private key based on cryptography protocols Slices, shards jointly generate signatures |
Signature storage location | Each signature is submitted by multiple independent accounts on the chain< /td> | Private key distributed storage, signature calculation is completed off-chain |
Calculation process | On-chain Verify whether the signature reaches the threshold | Calculate the signature through multi-party interaction off-chain without the need to disclose the private key |
Dependencies | Relies on the blockchain itself (smart contracts, script support) | Relies on cryptography technology (such as threshold signature protocol, MPC algorithm) |
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Security factors | Multi-signature wallet | MPC wallet |
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Private key exposure risk | Each account has an independent private key | The private key has never been fully recovered and is stored in sharded encryption |
Attack surface | Smart contracts may have loopholes, and the transparency on the chain is high | Distributed storage improves resistance Attack capability, but relies on cryptographic protocols |
Single point of failure risk | Losing the private key of a single account may result in the inability to sign < /td> | The loss of a single node does not affect the signing process |
4. Cost and performance comparison
Aspects | Multi-signature wallet | MPC wallet |
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On-chain costs | Every operation requires a Gas fee | The signature is completed off the chain, only the final transaction needs to pay Gas |
Computational complexity | The signature is verified on the chain, the logic is simple | Multi-party security calculations are complex and there are many off-chain interactions |
5. Usage scenarios Comparison
Scenario | Multi-signature wallet | MPC Wallet |
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Enterprise Asset Management | Suitable for small or medium-sized enterprises | Suitable for large enterprises that require global distributed management |
Personal user wallet | The threshold for use is high and not commonly used For individual users | More suitable for individual users, providing higher privacy and ease of use |
Decentralized applications | DAO governance, multi-party co-management of assets | DeFi with high security requirements, cross-chain bridge |
6. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages
Multi-signature wallet
Advantages:
The logic is clear and widely applicable to the current blockchain ecosystem.
Completely operated on the chain, with high transparency.
Disadvantages:
MPC Wallet
Advantages:
High privacy and security, the private key never leaves the sharded storage.
It saves on-chain operation costs and is more suitable for large-scale applications.
Disadvantages:
Summary
Multi-signature wallet: More suitable for scenarios that require high transparency and complete on-chain operations, such as DAO or on-chain governance.
MPC Wallet: More suitable for applications that pursue privacy and security and optimize off-chain costs, such as enterprise-level asset management or high-security personal wallets .
Choosing the right solution based on your needs is the key!