Author: AO; Compiler: TechFlow
Introduction
On June 14, 2024, the AO Foundation officially launched the token economics of the decentralized supercomputer AO. Its corresponding economic white paper details the minting mechanism, distribution strategy and economic model of AO tokens.
However, AO not only has a unique design in economics, but its technical architecture is also equally eye-catching.
Here is a summary of the key points of the AO technical white paper that is too long to read, to help you quickly understand the details of the project.
Key Points
Trustless computing environment:AO provides a decentralized operating system that allows developers to launch command-line processes similar to smart contracts. These processes can run without being restricted to a specific location, enabling seamless user interaction in the network.
ParallelProcessing:Inspired by the actor model and Erlang, AO supports multiple communicating processes running in parallel without sharing memory. Coordination is done via a local messaging standard, enabling processes to run independently and efficiently.
Resource Utilization:AO's architecture is based on the lazy evaluation model of SmartWeave and LazyLedger. Nodes can reach consensus on program state transitions without performing computations. The state is prompted by the process message log hosted by Arweave.
Data Storage:AO processes can load data of any size directly into memory for execution and write results back to the network. This setup removes typical resource limitations, supports fully parallel execution, and expands the possibilities for complex applications such as machine learning.
Modularity:AO's architecture allows users to choose the virtual machines, sorting models, messaging security guarantees, and payment options that work best for them. All messages are ultimately settled on Arweave's decentralized data layer, unifying this modular environment.
Economic Security Model:The network uses a token economic model to ensure process security, and users can customize security mechanisms. This model ensures economically reasonable security pricing and efficient resource allocation.
Technical Architecture
Process:A process is a computing unit of the network, represented by an interactive message log and initialization data items stored on Arweave. A process defines its computing environment requirements (VM, scheduler, memory requirements, necessary expansion) during initialization. State transitions are computed by computing units (CUs) that meet these requirements.
Messages:Every interaction with a process is represented by a message. A message is a data item that conforms to the ANS-104 standard. Users and processes send messages via Scheduling Units (SUs), which assign unique slot numbers to messages and ensure that the data is uploaded to Arweave.
Scheduling Units (SUs):SUs are responsible for assigning atomically increasing slot numbers to messages sent to processes. SUs ensure that signatures are assigned and messages are persisted to Arweave, making them permanently accessible.
Computation Units (CUs):CUs are nodes that compute process state in the AO. They execute virtual machine functions defined by the process environment, generating new state, outbound messages, and signed proofs of computation. CUs compete in a peer-to-peer marketplace to provide computation services.
Message Units (MUs): MUs pass messages between processes, coordinating with SUs and CUs to ensure secure and efficient message transfer. MUs handle recursive message passing until there are no more messages to process, ensuring robust inter-process communication.
Sub-staking and Sub-ledger Processes: These processes provide customizable security configurations and facilitate parallel execution of payments. Sub-staking processes allow for diverse security requirements, while sub-ledgers enable efficient transaction processing by holding token balances in the parent process.
Key Takeaways
Scalability: AO’s design supports an unlimited number of parallel processes, significantly enhancing scalability and allowing for a variety of configurations based on specific operational needs. The network can handle large amounts of data and computing tasks, supporting complex applications.
Flexibility and Customization:The modular architecture supports extensive customization in computing resources, virtual machines, security mechanisms, and payment options. This flexibility allows users to tailor the environment to specific needs, promoting innovation and efficiency.
Economic Efficiency:The token economic model eliminates dependence on block rewards, optimizes resource utilization, and aligns incentives across the network. Security is purchased on a per-message basis, creating a competitive staking service market that ensures cost-effective security solutions.
Security:The network adopts a layered security model with customizable mechanisms to ensure strong protection and adaptability to diverse needs. Security processes such as AO-Sec Origin and SIV provide economic guarantees and proofs of resistance to Sybil attacks, enhancing the trustworthiness of interactions.
Integration with Arweave: AO seamlessly integrates with Arweave for data storage and message logging, ensuring efficient data processing and persistence. This integration supports the modular architecture of the network, allowing for scalable and trustless computation in a decentralized environment.
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